The+Classical+Period++Directions,+Diversities,+and+Declines+by+500+C.E

Collapse of China, India, and Rome China India Rome
 * 200 and 600 CE, all three classical civilization collapsed (entirely or in parts)
 * suffered from outside invasion
 * nomadic expansion (not as big as before)
 * **Hans** was toppled by a nomadic
 * internal problems
 * **Confucian** intellectual was less creative
 * central government diminished
 * bureaucrats were corrupt
 * landlords picked up slack, ruling as they wished
 * peasants heavily taxed, sold children into services, social injustice, revolutionary
 * Revolutionary led by **Daoists**, in 184 CE, Daoism gained appeal,
 * Doaist leader called **Yellow turbans** attacked weak emperors, demonstrated decline of government morality
 * protest failed leading to growth and prosperity going down
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">killed half of population
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">weak rulers
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Ruled by **Sui** dynasty (briefly) followed by **Tang**
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">**Guptas** In India, was overthrew by a group of **Hun**s
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">tendency broke into political parts
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">ability of emperors to rule declined
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">invasions by nomadic people
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">invaders destroyed Gupta Empire
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">regional princes called **Rajput** controlled small states, soon converted to Hun princes
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Religion : Buddhism declined, Hinduism, worship of **Devi**, Islam started to covert Indians
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">threat from **Islam**, India fought under **Allah**
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">fell due to German invaders, who fought because they were harassed my Huns
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">internals problems
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">political ineffectiveness
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">decay after about 180 CE
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">population declining
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">difficult recruiting for armies
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Roman emperors were brutal
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Tax increased
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">political confusion; weak emperors; argument over throne
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">plagues, diseases from trade
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">economic worsen, hired German troops,pay dipped into budget causing higher tax
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">upper class - selfish
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">culture declined religionists, intellectually
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">upper class off springs decreased
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">trade and production declined
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">division weakened western
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">attempts to fix Rome failed
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">German invaders = 5% of population

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Classical Merriterrian in prospective

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Social __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">- clear heirachy, Justified by ideololgies <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -lowest classes ( Indian untouchables, Chinese mean people, Roman slaves) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - merchants varied Indian-Rome-China __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Intellectual Life __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-Roman culture adopted Greek culture <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -similar to Confucianism in China <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - differnt in scientifc belief, and political view <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -defended why there were classes (social) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -did not have an offical religion and depended on philosphical ideas <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - India had offical relgion to guide thinking __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Social cement __ __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Rome __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-sense of common purpose <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -Repiblican government <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -have a say in future of empire <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __India__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -Hinduism, justified heirarchy, reincarnation <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -believed it would pay off <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __China__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -Confucianism- values of obedience <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Need for social inequallity to govern people, because to "lead" people to get things done <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Wealth meant power (ie arisotcrate, merchants)

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __Inequality as the Social norm__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __India Hierarchy__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -strict social class called the caste system <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - divided into main five groups <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -determined person actions and qualities <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -could not not advance in social classes,but could lower <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -born into social classes, was not based on intelligence <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __China Hierarchy__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -based on the the belief on Confucianism <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -could rise of lose status <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -distant sepertation between Elite and the common people <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -woman were exculded from the rules of social classes <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -leaders to maintain law <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __Greece__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -democratic <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -Athens tried to establish equality <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -Sparta had strict social structure <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -based on gender <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -people were expected to accept their place in society, never challenged <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -rebellion resulted in severe punishment <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The citizens were expected to accept their roles and fulfil their duties <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Spartan woman had higher status than in other societies

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __Nomad and Cross Civilization Contract and Change__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -nomadic people were key agents, brought trades (culture) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -agents for food crops and diseases as well as technology and trade routes

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __Woman in Patriarchal Soceity__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -woman were inferior to men in all society, different level of harshness <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - Patriarchal - men ruled <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - affected families, husband and father <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -woman had no say beyond house work <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -woman had basic rights ( right to life) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -India, men seen as gods, woman had to look up to them <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - Egypt had queens <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - Even in American w/ glass ceilings <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - arranged marriage <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> -men had more property <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - female babies would be killed over male babies to decrease population

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<span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**﻿Christianity** <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-born two centuries before Rome's collapse <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-widely spread through the Mediterranean as the empire's politically weakend <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-emphasis on spiritual life and the importance of divine power <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-emphasized intense devotion and piety, stressing the importance of spiritual concerns beyond the daily cares of earthy life-hoped for better existence after life ended-responded to political instability, growing proverty <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-moved westward from the Middle East  <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-emphasis on on church organization and structure, copying from the Roman Empire  <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-placed a premium on missionary activity and widespread conversion  <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-stressed exclusive nation of its truth and intolerant of competing beliefs <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-emphasized beauty of simple life and the spiritual equality of all people, plus the fervor of the early Christians and the satisfying rituals they created <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Buddhism** <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-became really popular by the growing problems of classical China <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-emphasis on spiritual life and the importance of divine power <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-emphasized intense devotion and piety, stressing the importance of spiritual concerns beyond the daily cares of earthy life-hoped for better existence after life ended-responded to political instability, growing proverty -shifted from emphasis on ethics to emotional cult stressing the possibility of popular salvation -spread seriously to China after the fall of the Han dynasty <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-east Asian form of Buddhism is called **Mahayana,** emphasis on Buddha as god with status <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-improved organization w/ priests, temples, creeds, rituals <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-prayers and rituals could turn ordinary people holy <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-Buddha became god where people could appeal for solace <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-believe woman had souls like men and woman got attention for spiritual accomplishments <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-men valued Buddhist wives because Buddhist activity would keep woman busy <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-woman liked Buddhism because it led to a more meaning full life <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-was not popular with Confucian leaders, seen as a threat that might distract people from their loyality to the emperor, and attacked the Buddhist faith (driving out many missionariess) <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-**Daoism** reacted to Buddhism <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-Buddhism had a greater lasting effect in other parts of east Asia <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-//Today about 500 million people count themselves as Buddhist, most live in areas of east and southeast Asia// <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Islam** <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-emphasized intense devotion and piety, stressing the importance of spiritual concerns beyond the daily cares of earthy life <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-hoped for better existence after life ended <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-responded to political instability, growing poverty <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Hinduism** <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-emphasized intense devotion and piety, stressing the importance of spiritual concerns beyond the daily cares of earthy life-hoped for better existence after life ended-responded to political instability, growing proverty -popular appeal after fall of the Guptas-mother goddess Devi-traveled beyond India  <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">5 pillars of Islam <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> []
 * Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad;
 * Establishment of the daily prayers;
 * Concern for and almsgiving to the needy;
 * Self-purification through fasting; and
 * The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able.